What Is the Twin Paradox Real Time Travel

The twin paradox is a thought experiment that demonstrates the curious manifestation of time dilation in modern physics, as it was introduced by Albert Einstein through the theory of relativity. Consider two twins, named Biff and Cliff. On their 20th birthday, Biff decides to get in a spaceship and take off into outer space, traveling at nearly the speed of light. He journeys around the cosmos at this speed for about 5 years, returning to the Earth when he is 25 years old. Cliff, on the other hand, remains on the Earth. When Biff returns, it turns out that Cliff is 95 years old. What Happened? According to relativity, two frames of reference that move differently from each other experience time differently, a process known as time dilation. Because Biff was moving so rapidly, time was in effect moving slower for him. This can be calculated precisely using Lorentz transformations, which are a standard part of relativity. Twin Paradox One The first twin paradox isnt really a scientific paradox, but a logical one: How old is Biff? Biff has experienced 25 years of life, but he was also born the same moment as Cliff, which was 90 years ago. So is he 25 years old or 90 years old? In this case, the answer is both ... depending on which way youre measuring age. According to his drivers license, which measures Earth time (and is no doubt expired), hes 90. According to his body, hes 25. Neither age is right or wrong, although the social security administration might take exception if he tries to claim benefits. Twin Paradox Two The second paradox is a bit more technical, and really comes to the heart of what physicists mean when they talk about relativity. The entire scenario is based on the idea that Biff was traveling very fast, so time slowed down for him. The problem is that in relativity, only the relative motion is involved. So what if you considered things from Biffs point of view, then he stayed stationary the whole time, and it was Cliff who was moving away at rapid speeds. Shouldnt calculations performed in this way mean that Cliff is the one who ages more slowly? Doesnt relativity imply that these situations are symmetrical? Now, if Biff and Cliff were on spaceships traveling at constant speeds in opposite directions, this argument would be perfectly true. The rules of special relativity, which govern constant speed (inertial) frames of reference, indicate that only the relative motion between the two is what matters. In fact, if youre moving at a constant speed, theres not even an experiment that you can perform within your frame of reference which would distinguish you from being at rest. (Even if you looked outside the ship and compared yourself to some other constant frame of reference, you could only determine that one of you is moving, but not which one.) But theres one very important distinction here: Biff is accelerating during this process. Cliff is on the Earth, which for the purposes of this is basically at rest (even though in reality the Earth moves, rotates, and accelerates in various ways). Biff is on a spaceship which undergoes intensive acceleration to read near lightspeed. This means, according to general relativity, that there are actually physical experiments that could be performed by Biff which would reveal to him that hes accelerating ... and the same experiments would show Cliff that hes not accelerating (or at least accelerating much less than Biff is). The key feature is that while Cliff is in one frame of reference the entire time, Biff is actually in two frames of reference - the one where hes traveling away from the Earth and the one where hes coming back to the Earth. So Biffs situation and Cliffs situation are not actually symmetrical in our scenario. Biff is absolutely the one undergoing the more significant acceleration, and therefore hes the one who undergoes the least amount of time passage. History of the Twin Paradox This paradox (in a different form) was first presented in 1911 by Paul Langevin, in which the emphasis stressed the idea that the acceleration itself was the key element that caused the distinction. In Langevins view, acceleration, therefore, had an absolute meaning. In 1913, though, Max von Laue demonstrated that the two frames of reference alone are enough to explain the distinction, without having to account for the acceleration itself.

Being Proper at an Iranian Wedding - 1976 Words

Iranian Wedding Iran is a plateau located in Southwestern Asia between the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf. Persian not only refers to the primary language spoken, but also the cultural sphere of civilization populations such as Iraq and central Asia (Countries and Their Cultures 1). The ritual that will be discussed in this paper is Iranian (Persian) wedding which is part of the Twelver Shi’ism, the official religion of the state which began in the 17th century by Safavid Dynasty (Countries and Their Cultures 1). The historical roots of the ritual will be discussed, who first practice it, what the goal of it is, how the ritual is conducted, who must be present, what actions are taken, and the duration, as well as how the ritual has†¦show more content†¦Men had to have good education, manners, and a house. Class was a requirement as well. Had an upper class man married to a lower social class women, he would be deprived his right to inheritance, but his family wouldn’t abando n him, but if he was poor he would have been sentenced to death (ZanjaniAsl 1). Iranian Muslims couldn’t marry in certain months like safar, mourning month for Iman, or 40th day of death. Different kinds of marriages were allowed such as mari-lateral cross-cousin marriages. This was in order to inherit wealth from grandparents, but the main principle was marrying once. Despite the allowance of polygyny marriages, they were rarely practiced (Countries and Their Cultures 1). The most common form of marriage was called padesha zan for woman marrying for the first time have to have their sibling at the wedding, and have equal rights to the husbands possessions (ZanjaniAsl 1). There are two parts to an Iranian wedding, the â€Å"Aghd† where the couple and their parents sign a marriage contract and set a price â€Å"majr† on the bride at her parents’ house. Only close family members and friends are invited. The 2nd stage is the reception, â€Å"Jashn-e Arrosi† that involves more people for feasts and celebrations and lasts 3-7 days. â€Å"Persian weddings usually consist of a very large number of guests. 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This principle of discrimination holds good, by and large, for the arrangement of the whole work. The chapter concludes with certain astronomical and astrological matters. Chapter 3 deals with the reasons for the heavens’ being spherical in form, with the degrees

Auditing Principle Audit Scandals

Question: Discuss about theAuditing Principlefor Audit Scandals. Answer: Introduction Scandals in the corporate world, regardless of whether revolved around defilement, pay off, misrepresentation or other covetousness has a tendency to significantly affect the economy all at all and keeping in mind that most organizations are bound to fall flat eventually, there are a couple that does as such in such a fabulously degenerate way, to the point that they stand out as truly newsworthy. Defining the accounting scandal, in a layman language, bookkeeping misrepresentation is deliberate control of money related articulations to make a veneer of an organization's monetary well being. It includes a worker, account or the association itself and is deceiving to financial specialists and shareholders. (Black, 2010) Such manipulation of the records and the information leads to greater outrage and prompts the question of how to trust the auditing companies which fail to detect the inherited issue lied within the records of the company and who sign off those records without qualifyin g the same. The Dozing Watchdogs The Economist accurately focuses at irreconcilable circumstance as being centered to the disappointment of review, yet deploring self-direction or looking for better outside control is not the appropriate response. On the off chance that there was to be more direction, that insight would come perforce from the evaluators themselves. They would not modify anything but to their own advantage. Or maybe this is an issue of motivating forces and input. Regardless of whether the examiner is more guard dog and less a hound dog, they are a member of the enterprise. It is been observed over the years that the major audit firms of the world, consisting of the Big Four, who has taken over the 80% of its the corporate under its umbrella are being regarded as the imprudent manipulator of the data and the information (Accounting scandals, 2014). Most of the accounting scandals of the world have an involvement of the famous auditing firms who claim to be holding the majority stake. This scenario ha s sprouted the thought that how accurate are these auditing firms who sign off these audited financial statements and vouch for the reliability of the said statements. The investor's funds are washed away in those stocks where decisions have been taken on the basis of those financial statements. This has outrightly put the major auditing firms under the pretext of unreliable and guards of the big corporations who help them to hide their misappropriations and misrepresentations (Manoharan, 2011). However, another thing that has been objectified is that the major giants are mostly audited by the Big 4 and although they have been continuously failed to detect a fraud or deception still they stand firm and hardly face the loss of reputation (Accounting scandals, 2014). With such events of accounting scandals been observed in the recent years, the only effective tool to safeguard the interest of stakeholders is the implementation of the regulation. A non-profit body came into existence t o overview the Big Four, namely, Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB). They are to keep a watch on professionals subjected to those who compromise their independence. This body undertakes the procedure to evaluate the most delicate portion of the perilous audits, qualify the financial reports and don't fail to levy millions of dollars as fines when unsatisfied. With this arrangement, every auditor is under the threat of the PCAOB and no one can escape the scrutiny of it (Accounting scandals, 2014). It rewards the highest quality work, but one has to be ready to bear the consequences of any lapses and hugely compensate. There are many instances of corporate fraud that eroded immense wealth of the investors. The scandals of Satyam, Enron, and Lehman happened due to weakness in the internal control system and the greed of the managers. The scandal of WorldCom existed due to the weakness in the internal control system and greed fro making a huge return. The board of director underperformed and the weakness in the internal system led to the issue. Further, the weakness in the financial status of Satyam led to the downfall (Caraballo et. al, 2010). The auditor, as well as the CEO, acted by creating a rosy picture with false assets and liabilities. Fake identities and vouchers were prepared that was revealed later and led to the downfall. Hence, in both the cases, it is seen that either the auditor was involved in the fiasco or was unable to track the deficiencies in the system. The financial status of the company was weak while a rosy picture was shown with false assets and liabilities. The auditors acted in company with the CEO and due to this fake identities were established and vouchers were issued that were passed. Auditors Role and Responsibilities Fraud has turned out to be exceptionally confused in this time of innovation, and progressively troublesome to identify, particularly when it is tricky in nature and submitted by the top administration that is fit for covering it. In this regard, reviewers have contended that the discovery of fraud ought not to be their duty (Kranacher Stern, 2004). Thus, the term fraud in earlier probing norms alluded to inconsistency which consolidated fake monetary detailing as well as representative robbery and theft, we restrain our concentration to administration fraud or fake monetary detailing, which relates fundamentally to managements deliberate deception in money related proclamations. The current review looks somewhat at monetary articulation frauds by directors as well as workers who have an adequate specialist to supersede an organizations inner controls. For the most part, such frauds include pondering twisting of bookkeeping records, falsification of exchanges, or misapplication of b ookkeeping standards. Notwithstanding how the misrepresentation is showed, it is commonly complicated for auditors to find since the culprits take ventures to purposely hide the subsequent irregularities. An investor is more of prudent towards the detection of fraud as their funds are invested and are more cautious towards the investments wanting to be assured about the assets of the company and be safeguarded about the same (Guan et. al, 2008). It is likewise vital that auditors are much more cautious in the execution of their duties by guaranteeing that due ingenuity and care is at the front line of their motivation with the goal that misrepresentation can be identified and uncovered. This is fundamentally vital if evaluators are to ensure and protect their expert notoriety and uprightness and stay away from legitimate costs (Cappelleto, 2010). Although, the role of an auditor is not widely discussed since the inception and as claimed the fraud detection is identified as an audit objective. And various arguments over the years have come to support that its not the duty of an auditor to critically identify all the frauds in the company as an auditor is to just exercise his skill with care, not expecting him to be an insurer or the guarantor. With the increase in the size of the companies, it became difficult for the auditors to evaluate all the transactions and as such the testing procedures came into implementation which tends to recommend only reasonable assurance of the facts and figures stated in the financial statements (Hoi et. al, 2009). Henceforth, even though the auditors complied with its roles and responsibilities in conducting the audit of the said giants, the fraud threats, unattended transactions and misappropriation remained uncovered from the purview of audit procedures. Auditor Independence An auditor imparts the independent credibility for the financial statements being relied upon by the investors, capital marketers and the stakeholders using it to evaluate the capital making decisions. In the eyes of the common public, the statements hold the higher value for the decisive purpose and who offers their opinion being free of any prejudices in an independent manner. The auditor not only appears independent by appearance but by the fact too. The significance of evaluator autonomy gauges that are sensible, but then extensive, thorough, powerful and enforceable have been underlined by a few noteworthy corporate failures in which questions have been raised about the quality of money related revealing and, specifically, the freedom of the auditor (Livne, 2015). Benchmarks of autonomy for auditors of recorded elements should be intended to advance a situation in which the evaluator is free of any influence, intrigue or relationship that may hinder proficient judgment or object ivity or, in the perspective of a sensible financial specialist, may disable professional judgment or objectivity (Elder et. al, 2010). Standard auditing freedom ought to establish a system of standards, bolstered by a mix of preclusions, restrictions, different strategies and systems and exposures, that address at any rate the following dangers to freedom: self-intrigue; self-audit; promotion; nature; and intimidation. Henceforth, an auditor is out rightly blunt when it comes to the evaluation of the financial reports and put forth its opinion in an unbiased manner to depart its qualified as well unqualified opinion with respect to its duty as an auditor. (Crawford Weirich, 2011) Regulations and Deregulation in Auditing The prime responsibility of the auditor is to uncover any frauds that have been hidden in the financial arrangement of the company; however, they are quoted as only the evaluator for the scrutiny of the provided information and data to them. But when they fail to detect the hidden frauds, disappointments are bound to arise. To such a scenario, few measures can be considered when disappointments are clear and systemic; they should be supplanted, either independently or as a whole (Clarke, 2010). We are presently on the cusp of a bookkeeping transformation. Cryptographic strategies, for example, triple passage block chains enable outside and dependable examination to a phenomenal level. As we move from intra-corporate accounting to between corporate settlements at continuous, the goalposts move significantly (Hoffelder, 2012). On the off chance that there is an advantage to ongoing data, then it will play out in capital expenses. When depending gatherings can work with the real exchang es, and screen wellbeing to the day or the moment, then savers can coordinate venture as indicated by checking by the group. This will end up being the new "hazard free" rate, speculation at the edge of open learning (Bhasin, 2008). With the continual change in the strategies of the auditing firms and their scrutiny purview, a ray of hope is still there that there will be a sure shot way to detect the frauds within the company and take measures to prevent the accounting scams with accuracy. Conclusion Though there have been various regulations to conduct an audit, many auditors fail to be close to follow the regulations in the course of conducting an audit of the giant MNCs. The process of the audit is a complex task and it involves the auditors insight to look into the matter of the process effectively and also requires a mutual co-operation from the top management till the subordinates as the lower level. An effective audit can be concluded only with the power auditing team where the head of such an audit team is free of any biases and is in the state of total independence. References Accounting scandals 2014, The dozy watchdogs, viewed 27 April 2017 https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21635978-some-13-years-after-enron-auditors-still-cant-stop-managers-cooking-books-time-some Bhasin, M. L 2008, Corporate Governance and Role of the Forensic Accountant, The Chartered Secretary Journal, vol. 38, no. 10, pp. 1361-1368. Black, W. K 2010, Epidemics of Control Fraud lead to Recurrent, Intensifying Bubbles and Crises, Working paper, University of Missouri-Kansas City. Cappelleto, G. 2010, Challenges Facing Accounting Education in Australia, Afaanz, Caraballo, C, Cheerla, A, Jafari, O 2010, Satyam: The Brotherly Demise, The George Clarke, T 2010, International Corporate Governance, London and New York, Routledge. Elder, J. R, Beasley S. M. Arens A. A 2010, Auditing and Assurance Services, Person Education, New Jersey: USA Guan, L, Kaminski, K. A Wetzel, T. S 2008, Can Investors Detect Fraud Using Financial Statements: An Exploratory Study, Advances in Public Interest Accounting vol. 13, pp. 17-34. Hoffelder, K 2012, New Audit Standard Encourages More Talking, Harvard Press. Hoi, C. K, Robin, A Tessoni, D 2009, Sarbanes-Oxley: are audit committees up to the task?, Managerial Auditing Journal vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 255-67. Livne, G 2015, Threats to Auditor Independence and Possible Remedies, viewed 27 April 2017, https://www.financepractitioner.com/auditing-best-practice/threats-to-auditor-independence-and-possible-remedies?full. Manoharan, T.N. 2011, Financial Statement Fraud and Corporate Governance, The George Washington University.

What Are the Strength and Weakness of Classical School Essay Example

What Are the Strength and Weakness of Classical School Paper As Oliver Wendel Holmes quoted, â€Å"When we want to know what is going on today or want to make sure what will happen tomorrow, I will look back the past. † We can find out the process of development from this sphere to nowadays in a deep-going way by reviewing organizational behavior history which has gone through Classical School of Management, Behavioral School of Management and Human Relations School of Management. Organizations can be viewed as two or more people coordinate and combine in use of their knowledge as well as technique for the purpose of accomplishing common objectives that transform resources into goods and service which are needed by consumers. Organizational behavior refers to the systematic study that primarily access influence of individuals, groups and structure on interior organizational conducts in order that organizational effectiveness can be improved and perceived. The Classical School of Management was effectively the first coherent set of theoretical perspectives about organization and management covering Scientific Management, Administrative Management and structuralized Management. As we know, F W Taylor, Henri Faylor, and Max Weber are outstanding contributors of Classical School of management thought who made great contribution and laid a foundation for contemporary management. F W Taylor Taylor is the founding father of Classical School of management thought, who advocates scientific management and attached importance to heighten effectiveness of workers through greatly improving workers’ productivity leading to maximized benefit of workers and employers caused due to scientific management. His works named â€Å"The Principles of Scientific Management† was published in the early 1900s. We will write a custom essay sample on What Are the Strength and Weakness of Classical School specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What Are the Strength and Weakness of Classical School specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What Are the Strength and Weakness of Classical School specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the initial stage, Taylor was being affected by some moral principles; therefore, he had a profound respect for the following principles, Brought up scientific working methods for basic formative section of each staff’s job Scientifically selected, trained, fostered and cultivated the workers. Cooperated with staffs enthusiastically so that ensuring jobs done are suitable to scientific theory which has been set forth. Basically actualized equal division of labor between jobs and responsibilities of the managements and the workers. All work processes should be systematically analyzed and broke down into specialized discrete tasks. Payment depended on piecework basis which taken as an incentive to maximize productivity and produce high wages for the workers. At the same time, his insufficient understanding towards organizational behavior gave rise to the following situations, Changed worker’s role into that was required to strictly abide by methods and procedures of affairs on which they had no discretions. Fragmentation of work due to its emphasis on the analysis and organization of individual tasks and operation,. His thought over payment that was mainly reliance on output performance rather than giving remuneration to workers in accordance with overall performance of the workers’. His inclination to consider planning and control of workforce activities which were only in the managements’ hands rather than allowing staffs to involve. Every job which was measured, timed, and rated. Occurrence of boredom stemmed from repetitive jobs and tight management control. Poor understanding between grass-roots workers and managements. Henri Fayol Fayol is the representative of Classical School of management thought. Administrative management is the managerial mode he stood for where it applied essential points to administrative management principles of controllers. His famous works, â€Å" Industrial management and common managementâ€Å", divided management into five segments. Therefore, it denoted controllers were to carry out the five segments, i. e. to forecast , to organize, to command, to coordinate, to control. By now, these five segments are still the functional basis and basic process by which controllers research into management. According to his thought over management, therefore, 14 â€Å"principles of organization† came into being. 4 universal principals of the organization Division of work Professionally increased output through improving effectiveness of the workers. Authority The managers were required to be good at giving commands as authority conferred them right to do so but responsibility were accompanying authority. Discipline The workers must adhere to and respect organizational rules and regulations. The managers and workers must have clear understanding towards organizational rules and regulations. Organization must enforce effective sanction upon those workers who broke organizational rules and regulations. Interests of the individual should subordinate to interests of the collective Interests of Any individuals or groups should not exceed organizational interest as the collective. Remuneration It was required to improve the workers’jobs and offer equal wages treatment. Concentration of power It refers the level of the workers’ involvement in decision-making. Scalar chain. The establishment of a â€Å" line of authority† by which communication must comply with the chain by levels of authority from the seniors to the subordinate. Order. The workers and substance should be on the corresponding position at appropriate time. Equality. Managers ought to keep kindness and equality for the workers. Stability of employees’ terms of office as high mobile labor would lead to low effectiveness and efficiency. Initiative When being allowed to participate in formulation and enforcement of planning, employees would complete works with their great efforts. Stability of employees’ terms of office. High mobile labor would lead to low effectiveness. The managers should formulate plans of human affairs in order as to find the right substitute as positions appeared vacant. Espirt de corps. It publicized that esprit de corps would be established and unified harmoniously. There is no doubt that Fayol did have misunderstanding towards the organizational behavior. This can be discerned from which he hypothesized universal principles that were applicable to all organizational situations; only acknowledged the formal organization and focused on the structure of organizations; took management as critical paternalistic; his ideas was stiff to desires and needs of both individuals and groups; his rational and deterministic approach lacked suitability towards structures and behaviors of people as individuals and groups; the 14 universal principles set forth by him were not will fit into an organic organization; Max Weber Weber, as a matter of fact, tended to be an academic with an interest in authority structure. His works, â€Å" Theory of Social and Economic Organization†, coined the term â€Å" bureaucracy†, which can be viewed as an attempt to build up a reasonable and legal basis for the authority and an arrangement for the purpose of selecting people and undertaking various sorts of activities. Bureaucratic type of organizational structure defined by Weber is be of the following characteristics, Works of specialization It decomposed works into different kinds of simple, daily, and detailed tasks. Hierarchy of authority. Responsibilities and positions were organized by hierarchy. Each low-grade position was monitored and controlled by the high-grade position. Formal selection. All organizational members were selected on the basis of qualification of technique, which certified by training, education, formal examinations. Impersonality When applying rules and regulations, it was required to avoid involvement of character and personal preference. Orientation of occupation. Managers were professional leaders. They worked for steady salary and developed their careers within the organization. However, Weber did not fully understand organization behavior as he inherited much common ground of Taylor’s scientific management and Fayol’s administrative management. Since it is so, his works is relatively regulated and prescribed leading to little sphere left for autonomy and originality; Individuals were constrained in the act of impersonal and rational ways after determining affairs demonstrated in the stressful world; He emphasized organizational efficiency but which would produce expense of flexibility at the request of rapid change; Impersonality might cause inequality of treatment and unfairness in the non-standard case, which reduces personal interaction; he allowed no mechanism for challenging the bureaucracy; rules became constraints to employees rather than an aid to organizational effectiveness and performance. Taylor, Fayol and Weber, anyhow, are considered to omit one point which insists on that people are core of organization. However, theories of Taylor, Fayol, and Weber had disseminated seeks for organizational behaviors. Their thought has great impact on development and demarcation of organizational behavior.